Vegetable oils are alternatives to producing renewable monomers since they are biomass. It is possible to react them with anhydrides by heating to provide monomers with high reactivity. However, after the reaction of grape seed oil with itaconic anhydride, it was observed the occurrence of parallel reactions that had not been observed when the same oil was reacted with maleic anhydride. Some articles in the literature have reported that temperature and bases can isomerize itaconic anhydride into citraconic anhydride, which is more stable at room temperature. However, they have not focused on completely understanding how this phenomenon occurred nor studied it in processes that involve microwave irradiation. Therefore, this paper presents a complete characterization and investigation about the thermal behavior of itaconic anhydride and how it can affect the monomer synthesis performed under heating. biomass reactivity However irradiation Therefore

This work aims to produce and disseminate videos that follow the microlearning methodology, to explain the physicochemical properties of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate through thermal analysis, and to determine the reliability of the Portuguese good luck rooster. Temporal and social accelerations due to the growth of the technological world are changing the old teaching-learning methodologies; thus, new methods should be explored. In the microlearning methodology, short segments and specific content can be broadcast to anyone at any time. In addition, relating new information to individual’s experiences can favor the teaching-learning process. The good luck rooster is an ornament of Portuguese origin, which can forecast the weather in a limited way, and is composed of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate. This compound was characterized by TG-DTA (Simultaneous Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis) and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), verifying that the salt loses its hydration water when exposed to high temperatures, changing its color from pink color to blue.

Grape seed is a waste product from the wine and juice industries. However, vegetable oil can be extracted from it, which is a renewable chemical with a huge potential application after chemical modifications, such as epoxidation and maleinization processes. This paper therefore deals with the use of grape seed oil, to produce its epoxidized and maleinized derivatives. Both derivatives were synthesized in order to improve the conversion (99.4%), yield (98.9%) and selectivity (99.5%) values, as well as to decrease the reaction time (3 h) using cleaner energy sources and heterogeneous catalysts, which can be used 4× without regeneration and obtaining similar conversion and yield values, and at least 5× keeping high selectivity. Based on the characterization results, both grape seed oil derivatives may be applied in different fields, including polymer chemistry as a monomer, coating, and paint. In addition, they can be an option to industries that use petrochemical derivatives as precursors.

Resumen La investigación sobre los efectos de las drogas, legales e ilegales, en el embarazo fue planificada, desde su inicio, como una forma de apoyar a quienes se desempeñan en el campo de la prevención y la asistencia a las adicciones en la sociedad uruguaya. Los instrumentos utilizados en la investigación fueron la entrevista cara a cara con la mujer en estado puerperal, dentro de las 48 horas después del nacimiento, los registros perinatales obtenidos de los archivos hospitalarios y las muestras de meconio de los recién nacidos las cuales fueron analizadas en la búsqueda de alcohol, tabaco, psicofármacos y drogas ilegales. La encuesta mostró un consumo durante la gestación de 41,7% de tabaco, 37% de alcohol, 16,5% de tranquilizantes, 68% de cafeína (mas de 400 mg/día), 1,5% de marihuana y 0,4% de pasta base. Las pruebas sobre meconio indicaron que el consumo en el embarazo fue de tabaco 51%, alcohol 40%, tranquilizantes 2,5%, marihuana 2%, anfetaminas 8,3%, cocaína/pasta base 2,5% y opiáceos 0,5%. La investigación encontró que 11% de los recién nacidos de la muestra fueron de bajo peso, y que 15% tuvieron problemas de salud. Los neonatos de madres fumadoras presentaron pesos al nacer estadísticamente más bajos que los restantes. Se halló asimismo que 8,9% de las madres carecían de control prenatal. El 34% de los médicos que controlaron el embarazo advirtió a las gestantes sobre los riesgos del hábito de fumar durante el embarazo, el 27% lo hizo en relación al consumo de alcohol y 7% sobre el uso de drogas ilegales.

Summary The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of drug consumption during pregnancy through an interview and biological samples and to investigate the information given concerning risks about drug consumption during pregnancy. The 1000 interviews performed were personal within 48 hours after labor, using perinatal registries taken from hospital archives. The meconium samples were tested for alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs and tranquilizers. Through the survey, the results about consumption during pregnancy was 41.3 % for tobacco, alcohol 36.8%, tranquilizers 16.3%, caffeine 68% (more than 400 mg/day), cannabis 1.5% and 0.4% for base paste. The consumption in the meconium samples was 51.8% for tobacco, 43.5% for alcohol, 2.5% for tranquilizers, 2% for cannabis, 8.3% for amphetamines, 2.5% for cocaine/ base paste and 0.5% for opiates. 11 % of all newborns had low birth weight and 14.8 % had health problems. Newborns from smoking mothers had lower birth weights. 8,9 % of all the mothers did not control their pregnancy. Physicians who controlled the pregnancies warned their patients about associated risks with tobacco in 34%, 27% for alcohol and 7% for illegal drugs.